Sufi Biography: Rabia Basri (Rabe a al-Adawiya)

 

Rabia bint Esmail al-Adawiya, born in humble circumstances and sold into slavery as a child, later settled in Basra where she attained great fame as a saint and a preacher and was highly esteemed by many of her pious contemporaries. The date of her death is given variously as 135 (752) and 185 (801).

 

To her, a lifelong celibate, is attributed a large share in the introduction into Islamic mysticism of the theme of Divine love. Her tomb used to be pointed out near Jerusalem.

 

Rabia, her birth and early life If anyone says, Why have you included Rabia in the rank of men? my answer is, that the Prophet himself said, God does not regard your outward forms. The root of the matter is not form, but intention, as the Prophet said, Mankind will be raised up according to their intentions. Moreover, if it is proper to derive two-thirds of our religion from Aisha, surely it is permissible to take religious instruction from a handmaid of Aisha. When a woman becomes a man in the path of God, she is a man and one cannot any more call her a woman.

 

The night when Rabia came to earth, there was nothing whatsoever in her fathers house; for her father lived in very poor circumstances. He did not possess even one drop of oil to anoint her navel; there was no lamp, and not a rag to swaddle her in. He already had three daughters, and Rabia was his fourth; that is why she was called by that name.

Go to neighbour So-and-so and beg for a drop of oil, so that I can light the lamp, his wife said to him. Now the man had entered into a covenant that he would never ask any mortal for anything. So he went out and just laid his hand on the neighbours door, and returned.

 

They will not open the door, he reported. The poor woman wept bitterly. In that anxious state the man placed his head on his knees and went to sleep.

He dreamed that he saw the Prophet. Be not sorrowful, the Prophet bade him. The girl child who has just come to earth is a queen among women, who shall be the intercessor for seventy thousand of my community Tomorrow, the Prophet continued, go to Isa-e Zadan the governor of Basra. Write on a piece of paper to the following effect. ‘Every night you send upon me a hundred blessings, an on Friday night four hundred. Last night was Friday night, and you forgot me. In expiation for that, give this man four hundred dinars lawfully acquired.

 

Rabias father on awaking burst into tears. He rose up and wrote as the Prophet had bidden him, and sent the message to the governor by the hand of a chamberlain. Give two thousand dinars to the poor, the governor commanded when he saw the missive, as a thanksgiving for the Master remembering me. Give four hundred dinars also to the shaikh, and tell him, I wish you to come to me so that I may see you.

 

But I do not hold it proper for a man like you to come to me. I would rather come and rub my beard in you threshold. However, I adjure you by God, whatever you may need, pray let me know. The man took the gold and purchased all that was necessary. When Rabia had become a little older, and her mother and father were dead, a famine came upon Basra, and her sisters were scattered. Rabia ventured out and was seen by a wicked man who seized her and then sold her for six dirhams. He purchaser put her to hard labour.

 

One day she was passing along the road when a stranger approached. Rabia fled. As she ran, she fell headlong and her hand was dislocated. Lord God, she cried, bowing her face to the ground, I am a stranger, orphaned of mother and father, a help less prisoner fallen into captivity, my hand broken. Yet for all this I do not grieve; all I need is Thy good pleasure, to know whether Thou art well-pleased or no.

Do not grieve, she heard a voice say. Tomorrow a station shall be thine such that the cherubim in heaven will envy thee.

 

So Rabia returned to her masters house. By day she continually fasted and served God, and by night she worshipped standing until day. One night her master awoke from sleep and, looking through the window of his apartment, saw Rabia bowing prostrate and praying.

 

O God, Thou knowest that the desire of my heart is in conformity with Thy command, and that the light of my eye is in serving Thy court. If the affair lay with me, I would not rest one hour from serving Thee, but Thou Thyself hast set me under the hand of a creature.

 

Such was her litany. Her master perceived a lantern suspended without any chain above her head, the light whereof filled the whole house. Seeing this, he was afraid. Rising up he returned to his bedroom and sat pondering till dawn. When day broke he summoned Rabia, was gentle with her and set her free. Give me permission to depart, Rabia said. He gave her leave, and she left the house and went into the desert. From the desert she proceeded to a hermitage where she served God for a while. Then she determined to perform the pilgrimage, and set her face towards the desert. She bound her bundle on an ass. In the heart of the desert the ass died. Let us carry your load, the men in the party said.

 

You go on, she replied. I have not come putting my trust in you. So the men departed, and Rabia remained alone. O God, she cried, lifting her head, do kings so treat a woman who is a stranger and powerless? Thou hast invited me unto Thy house, then in the midst of the way Thou hast suffered my ass to die, leaving me alone in the desert.

 

Hardly had she completed this orison when her ass stirred and rose up. Rabia placed her load on its back, and continued on her way. (The narrator of this story reports that some while afterwards he saw that little donkey being sold in the market.) She travelled on through the desert for some days, then she halted. O God, she cried, my heart is weary. Whither am I going? I a lump of clay, and Thy house a stone! I need Thee here.

 

God spoke unmediated in her heart. Rabia, thou art faring in the life-blood of eighteen thousand worlds. Hast thou not seen how Moses prayed for the vision of Me? And I cast a few motes of revelation upon the mountain, and the mountain shivered into forty pieces. Be content here with My name!

 

Anecdotes of Rabia

One night Rabia was praying in the hermitage when she was overcome by weariness and fell asleep. So deeply was she absorbed that, when a reed from the reed-mat she was lying on broke in her eye so that the blood flowed, she was quite unaware of the fact. A thief entered and seized her chaddur. He then made to leave, but the way was barred to him. He dropped the chaddur and departed, finding the way now open. He seized the chaddur again and returned to discover the way blocked. Once more he dropped the chaddur. This he repeated seven times over; then he heard a voice proceeding from a corner of the hermitage.

 

Man, do not put yourself to such pains. It is so many years now that she has committed herself to Us. 

The Devil himself has not the boldness to slink round her. How should a thief have the boldness to slink round her chaddur?

Be gone, scoundrel! Do not put yourself to such pains. If one friend has fallen asleep,

one Friend is awake and keeping watch.

 

Two notables of the Faith came to visit Rabia, and both were hungry. It may be that she will give us food, they said to each other. Her food is bound to come from a lawful source. When they sat down there was a napkin with two loaves laid before them. They were well content. A beggar arrived just then, and Rabia gave him the two loaves. The two men of religion were much upset, but said nothing. After a while a maidservant entered with a handful of warm bread.

My mistress sent these, she explained. Rabia counted the loaves. There were eighteen. Perhaps it was not this that she sent me, Rabia remarked.

 

For all that the maidservant assured her, it profited nothing. So she took back the loaves and carried them away. Now it so happened that she had taken two of the loaves for herself. She asked her mistress, and she added the two to the pile and returned with them. Rabia counted again, and found there were twenty loaves. She now accepted them. This is what your mistress sent me, she said.

She set the loaves before the two men and they ate, marveling.

What is the secret behind this? they asked her. We had an appetite for your own bread, but you took it away from us and gave it to the beggar. Then you said that the eighteen loaves did not belong to you. When they were twenty, you accepted them.I knew when you arrived that you were hungry,

Rabia replied. I said to myself, How can I offer two loaves to two such notables? So when the beggar came to the door I gave them to him and said to Almighty God, ‘O God, Thou hast said that Thou repayest tenfold, and this I firmly believed. Now I have given two loaves to please Thee, so that Thou mayest give twenty in return for them. When eighteen were brought me, I knew that either there had been some misappropriation, or that they were not meant for me.

 

One day Rabias servant girl was making an onion stew; for it was some days since they had cooked any food. Finding that she needed some onions, she said, I will ask of next door.

 

Forty years now, Rabia replied, I have had a covenant with Almighty God not to ask for aught of any but He. Nevermind the onions. Immediately a bird swooped down from the air with peeled onions in its beak and dropped them into the pan. I am not sure this is not a trick, Rabia comment:

1. And she left the onion pulp alone, and ate nothing but bread.

Rabia had gone one day into the mountains. She was soon surrounded by a flock of deer and mountain goats, ibexes and wild asses which stared at her and made to approach her. Suddenly Hasan of Basra came on the scene and, seeing Rabia, moved in her direction. As soon as the animals sighted Hasan, they made off all together, so that Rabia remained alone. This dismayed Hasan.

 

Why did they run away from me, and associated so tamely with you? he asked Rabia. What have you eaten today? Rabia countered. A little onion pulp. You eat their fat, Rabia remarked. Why then should they not flee from you?

Once Rabia passed by Hasans house. Hasan had his head out of the window and was weeping, and his tears fell on Rabias dress. Looking up, she thought at first that it was rain; then, realizing that it was Hasans tears, she turned to him and addressed him. Master, this weeping is a sign of spiritual languor. Guard your tears, so that there may surge within  you such a sea that, seeking the heart therein, you shall not find it save in the keeping of a King Omnipotent.

 

These words distressed Hasan, but he kept his peace. Then one day he saw Rabia when she was near a lake. Throwing his prayer rug on the surface of the water, he called, Rabia, come! Let us pray two rakas here! Hasan, Rabia replied, when you are showing off your spiritual goods in this worldly market, it should be things that your fellow-men are incapable of displaying. And she flung her prayer rug into the air, and flew up on it. Come up here, Hasan, where people can see us! she cried. Hasan, who had not attained that station, said nothing. Rabia sought to console him.

 

Hasan, she said, what you did fishes also do, and what I did flies also do. The real business is outside both these tricks. One must apply ones self to the real business.

 

One night Hasan with two or three friends went to visit Rabia. Rabia had no lantern. Their hearts yearned for light. Rabia blew on her hunger, and that night till dawn her finger shone like a lantern, and they sat in its radiance.

 

If anyone says, How could this be? I answer, The same as Moses hand. If it is objected, But Moses was a prophet, I reply, Whoever follows in the foot steps of the Prophet can possess a grain of prophet-hood, as the Prophet says, ‘Whoever rejects a farthings worth of unlawful things has attained a degree of prophethood. He also said, ‘A true dream is one-fortieth part of prophethood.

 

Once Rabia sent Hasan three things—a piece of wax, a needle, and a hair. Be like wax, she said. Illumine the world, and yourself burn. Be like a needle, always be working naked. When you have done these two things, a thousand years will be for you as a hair. Do you desire for us to get married? Hasan asked Rabia.

 

The tie of marriage applies to those who have being, Rabia replied. Here being has disappeared, for I have become naughted to self and exist only through Him. I belong wholly to Him. I live in the shadow of His control. You must ask my hand of Him, not of me.

 

How did you find this secret, Rabia? Hasan asked.

I lost all ‘found things in Him, Rabia answered.

How do you know Him? Hasan enquired.

You know the ‘how; I know the ‘howless, Rabia said.

Once Rabia saw a man with a bandage tied round his head.

Why have you tied the bandage? she asked.Because my head aches, the man replied.

How old are you? she demanded.

Thirty, he replied.

Have you been in pain and anguish the greater part

of your life? she enquired.

No, the man answered.

For thirty years you have enjoyed good health, she remarked, and you never tied about you the bandage

of thankfulness. Now because of this one night that you have a headache you tie the bandage of com-

plaint!

 

Once Rabia gave four silver dirhams to a man. Buy me a blanket, she said, for I am naked.

The man departed. Presently he returned. Mistress, he said, what colour shall I buy?

How did ‘colour come into the business? Rabia demanded. Give me back the money.

And she took the dirhams and flung them into the Tigris.

One spring day Rabia entered her apartment and put out her head.

Mistress, her servant said, come out and see what the Maker has wrought.

Do you rather come in, Rabia replied, and see the Maker. The contemplation of the Maker pre-occu-

pies me, so that I do not care to look upon what He has made. A party visited her, and saw her tearing a morsel of

meat with her teeth. Do you not have a knife to cut up the meat? they asked.

I have never kept a knife in my house for fear of

being cut off, she replied.

Once Rabia fasted for a whole week, neither eating nor sleeping. All night she was occupied with praying.

Her hunger passed all bounds. A visitor entered her house bringing a bowl of food. Rabia accepted it and

went to fetch a lamp. She returned to find that the cat had spilled the bowl.

I will go and fetch a jug, and break my fast, she said.

By the time she had brought the jug, the lamp had

gone out. She aimed to drink the water in the dark, but the jug slipped from her hand and was broken. She

uttered lamentation and sighed so ardently that there was fear that half of the house would be consumed

with fire.

 

O God, she cried, what is this that Thou art doing with Thy helpless servant?

Have a care, a voice came to her ears, lest thou desire Me to bestow on thee all worldly blessings, but

eradicate from thy heart the care for Me. Care for Me and worldly blessings can never be associated together

in a single heart. Rabia, thou desirest one thing, and I desire another; My desire and thy desire can never be

joined in one heart.

When I heard this admonition, Rabia related, I so cut off my heart from the world and curtailed my

desires that whenever I have prayed during the last thirty years, I have assumed it to be my last prayer.

A party of men once visited her to put her to the test, desiring to catch her out in an unguarded utterance.

All the virtues have been scattered upon the heads of men, they said. The crown of prophethood has

been placed on mens heads. The belt of nobility has been fastened around mens waists. No woman has

ever been a prophet.

 

All that is true, Rabia replied. But egoism and self-worship and ‘I am your Lord, the Most High have

never sprung from a womans breast. No woman has ever been a hermaphrodite. All these things have been

the specialty of men. Once Rabia fell grievously sick. She was asked what

the cause might be. I gazed upon Paradise, she replied, and my Lord

disciplined me. Then Hasan of Basra went to visit her.

I saw one of the notables of Basra standing at the door of Rabias hermitage offering her a purse of gold and weeping, he reported. I said, ‘Sir, why are you weeping? ‘On account of this saintly woman of the

age, he replied. ‘For if the blessing of her presence departs from among mankind, mankind will surely

perish. I brought something for her tending, he added, ‘and I am afraid that she will not accept it. Do you

intercede with her to take it.  So Hasan entered and spoke. Rabia glanced up at

him and said, He provides for those who insult Him, and shall He not provide for those who love Him? Ever since I knew Him, I have turned my back upon His creatures. I know not whether any mans property is lawful or not;

how then can I take it? I stitched together by the light of a worldly lamp a shirt which I had torn. For a while

my heart was obstructed, until I remembered. Then I tore the shirt in the place where I had stitched it, and

my heart became dilated. Ask the gentleman pray not to keep my heart obstructed.

 

Abd al-Wahed-e Amer relates as follows. I went with Sofyan-e Thauri to visit Rabia when she was sick, but out of awe for her I could not begin to address her. You say something, I said to Sofyan. If you will say a prayer, Sofyan said to Rabia, your pain will be eased. Do you not know who has willed that I should suffer? Was it not God? Rabia demanded.

Yes, Sofyan agreed.

How is it that you know that, Rabia went on,

and yet you bid me to request from Him the contrary of His will? It is not right to oppose ones

Friend. What thing do you desire, Rabia? Sofyan asked.

 

Sofyan, you are a learned man. Why do you speak like that? ‘What thing do you desire? By the glory of God, Rabia asseverated, for twelve years now I have been desiring fresh dates. You know that in Basra dates are of no consequence. Yet till now I have not eaten any; for I am His servant, and what business has a servant to desire? If I wish, and my Lord does not wish, this would be infidelity. You must want only what He wishes, to be a true servant of God. If God himself gives, that is a different matter.

Sofyan was reduced to silence. Then he said, Since one cannot speak about your situation, do you say something about mine. You are a good man, but for the fact you love the world, Rabia replied. You love reciting Traditions. This she said, implying that that was a high position.

Lord God, cried Sofyan, deeply moved, be content with me! Are you not ashamed, broke in Rabia, to seek the contentment of One with whom you yourself are not content?

 

Malek-e Dinar relates as follows. I went to visit Rabia, and saw her with a broken pitcher out of which she drank and made her ritual ablutions, an old reed-mat, and a brick which she occasionally used as a pillow. I was grieved.

I have rich friends, I told her. If you wish, I will get something from them for you.

Malek, you have committed a grievous error, she answered. Is not my Provider and theirs one and the

same? Yes, I replied. And has the Provider of the poor forgotten the poor on account of their poverty? And does He remember the rich because of their riches? she asked.

No, I replied.

Then, she went on, since He knows my estate, how should I remind Him? Such is His will, and I too

wish as He wills.

One day Hasan of Basra, Malek-e Dinar and Shaqiq-e Balkhi went to visit Rabia on her sickbed. He is not truthful in his claim, Hasan began, who does not bear with fortitude the lash of his Lord.

These words stink of egoism, Rabia commented.

 

He is not truthful in his claim, Shaqiq tried, who is not grateful for the lash of his Lord.

We need something better than that, Rabia observed.

He is not truthful in his claim, Malek-e Dinar offered, who does not take delight in the lash of his Lord.

We need something better than that, Rabia repeated.

Then you say, they urged.

He is not truthful in his claim, Rabia pronounced, who does not forget the lash in contempla-

tion of his Master.

A leading scholar of Basra visited Rabia on her sickbed. Sitting beside her pillow, he reviled the world.

You love the world very dearly, Rabia commented. If you did not love the world, you would not make

mention of it so much. It is always the purchaser who disparages the wares If you were done with the world,

you would not mention it either for good or evil. As it is, you keep mentioning it because as the proverb says,

whoever loves a thing mentions it frequently. When the time came that Rabia should die, those

attending her deathbed left the room and closed the door. Then a voice was heard saying, O soul at peace,

return unto thy Lord, well-pleased! A time passed and no sound came from the room, so they opened the door

and found that she had given up the ghost After her death she was seen in a dream. She was asked How

did you fare with Monkar and Nakir? She replied Those youths came to me and said, ‘Who is thy

Lord? I answered, ‘Return and say to God, with so many thousand thousand creatures Thou didst not for-

get one feeble old woman. I, who have only Thee in the whole world, I shall never, forget Thee, that Thou

shouldst sent one to ask me, Who is thy, God?

 

Prayers of Rabia

O God, whatsoever Thou hast apportioned to me of worldly, things, do Thou give that to Thy enemies; and whatsoever, Thou hast apportioned to me in the world to come, give that to Thy friends; for Thou sufficest me.

 

O God, if I worship Thee for fear of Hell, burn me in Hell and if I worship Thee in hope of Paradise, exclude me from Paradise; but if I worship Thee for

 

Thy own sake, grudge me not Thy everlasting beauty. O God, my whole occupation and all my desire in this world of all worldly things, is to remember Thee, and in the world to come, of all things of the world to come, is to meet Thee. This is on my side, as I have stated; now do Thou whatsoever Thou wilt.